Orphan work

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Intellectual property
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Higher category: Property and Property law

An orphan work is a copyright-protected work for which rightsholders are positively indeterminate or uncontactable. Sometimes the names of the originators or rightsholders are known, yet it is impossible to contact them because additional details cannot be found.[1] A work can become orphaned through rightsholders being unaware of their holding, or by their demise (e.g. deceased persons or defunct companies) and establishing inheritance has proved impracticable.[2] In other cases, comprehensively diligent research fails to determine any authors, creators or originators for a work. Since 1989, the amount of orphan works has increased dramatically since registration is optional and, thusly, many works' statuses remain unknown.

Extent[edit]

Precise figures of orphan works are not readily available, even though libraries, archives and museums hold a vast number of them. In April 2009, a study estimated that the collections of public sector organisations in the UK held about 25 million orphan works.[2] Examples of orphan works include photographs that do not note the photographer, such as photos from scientific expeditions and historical images, old folk music recordings, little known novels and other literature.[1] Software which became an orphaned work is usually known as abandonware. In 2015, the Computerspielemuseum Berlin estimated that around 50% of their video game collection consisted of at least partial orphans.[3] Source code escrow can prevent software orphaning but is seldom applied.

Impact[edit]

In countries whose laws do not specifically allow for the use of orphan works, orphan works are not available for legal use by filmmakers, archivists, writers, musicians or broadcasters. Because rightsholders cannot be identified and located to obtain permission, historical and cultural records such as period film footage, photographs, and sound recordings cannot be legally incorporated in contemporary works in such countries (unless the incorporation qualifies as fair use).[4] Public libraries, educational institutions, and museums that digitise old manuscripts, books, sound recordings, and film may choose to not digitise orphan works or make orphan works available to the public[4] for fear that a re-appearing rightsholder may sue them for damages.[1]

Causes[edit]

According to Neil Netanel the increase in orphan works is the result of two factors: (1) that copyright terms have been lengthened, and (2) that copyright is automatically conferred without registration or renewal.[4] Only a fraction of old copyrighted works are available to the public. Netanel argues that rightsholders have "no incentive to maintain a work in circulation" or otherwise make their out-of-print content available unless they can hope to earn more money doing so than by producing new works or engaging in more lucrative activities.[4]

Specifics by country[edit]

Canada[edit]

Canada has created a supplemental licensing scheme, under Section 77 of its Copyright Act, that allows licenses for the use of published works to be issued by the Copyright Board of Canada on behalf of unlocatable rightsholders, after a prospective licensor has made "reasonable efforts to locate [holders of] copyright".[5] As of March 2019, the Board had issued 304 such licenses,[6] and denied 24 applications.[7]

European Union[edit]

Main article: Orphan Works Directive

The European Commission (EC), the civil branch of the European Union (EU), created a report on Digital Preservation of Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works in 2007.[8]

On 4 June 2008, European representatives of museums, libraries, archives, audiovisual archives and rightsholders signed a Memorandum of Understanding,[9] calling for an orphan works legislation supported by rightsholders that would help cultural institutions to digitize books, films, and music whose authors are unknown, making them available to the public online.[8] In 2009 the Strategic Content Alliance and the Collections Trust published a report[2] on the scope and impact of orphan works and their effect on the delivery of web services to the public.

In October 2012 the European Union adopted Directive 2012/28/EU on Orphan Works.[10] It applies to orphan works that were created in the EU as printed works (books, journals, magazines and newspapers), cinematographic and audio-visual works, phonograms, and works embedded or incorporated in other works or phonograms (e.g. pictures in a book). Under certain conditions, the directive can also apply to unpublished works (such as letters or manuscripts).[11] Whether orphaned software and video games ("Abandonware") fall under the audiovisual works definition is a matter debated by scholars.[12]

The Directive was influenced by a survey of the state of intellectual property law in the United Kingdom called the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. James Boyle, one of the experts consulted for the Review, acknowledged the directive as "a start", but offered this criticism of the resulting policy:[13]

In brief, the scheme is heavily institutional, statist, and inflexible. Its provisions can really only be used by educational and cultural heritage institutions, only for non-profit purposes, with lengthy and costly licensing provisions designed to protect the monetary interests of—almost certainly—nonexistent rightsholders. The EU seemed never to grasp the idea that citizens also need to have access to orphan works, for uses that almost certainly present no threat to any living rightsholder.

By 2018, six years after the enactment of the directive, around 6,000 works had been entered into the orphan works registry that it created.[14] Critics cited the low numbers as evidence "that the EU approach to orphan works is unreasonably complex and won’t adequately address the problem it’s trying to fix," namely enabling mass digitization efforts.[15] .

United Kingdom[edit]

On 29 October 2014 the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) launched an online licensing scheme for orphan works.[16][17] It differs from the EU's directive (which applies in the UK as well) in several aspects, e.g. by allowing anyone instead of just cultural institutions to submit works, while however imposing application and license fees.[14] A launch press release by the IPO was entitled "UK opens access to 91 million Orphan Works", but four years later, only 144 licenses had been granted, covering 877 works.[14]

United States[edit]

Further information: Orphan works in the United States

Other nations[edit]

Hungary,[18] India,[19] Japan,[20] Saudi Arabia,[21] and South Korea[22] have established state licensing options for orphan works.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Borgman, Christine L. (2007). Scholarship in the digital age: information, infrastructure, and the internet. MIT Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-262-02619-2.
  2. ^ a b c In from the Cold: An assessment of the scope of 'Orphan Works' and its impact on the delivery of services to the public (PDF). JISC Collections Trust. April 2009. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  3. ^ Maier, Henrike (2015). "Games as Cultural Heritage Copyright Challenges for Preserving (Orphan) Video Games in the EU" (PDF). JIPITEC. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. p. 127. Retrieved 2016-01-18. The Computerspielemuseum in Berlin estimates that around 50 % of their collection consists of at least partial orphans.
  4. ^ a b c d Netanel, Neil (2008). Copyright's paradox. Oxford University Press US. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-19-513762-0.
  5. ^ "Copyright Act, R.S., c 77". Copyright Board of Canada. 2005. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  6. ^ "Unlocatable Copyright Owners Licenses Issued". Copyright Board of Canada. 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  7. ^ "Unlocatable Copyright Owners Applications Denied". Copyright Board of Canada. 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  8. ^ a b "Report on Digital Preservation, Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works, Selected Implementation Issues". European Commission. 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
  9. ^ "Digital Libraries Initiative - High Level Expert Group (HLEG) | Europa - Information Society". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  10. ^ "Directive 2012/28/EU". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  11. ^ "Memo - Orphan works - FAQ". europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  12. ^ Maier, Henrike (2015). "Games as Cultural Heritage Copyright Challenges for Preserving (Orphan) Video Games in the EU" (PDF). JIPITEC. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. p. 120. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  13. ^ "(When) Is Copyright Reform Possible? Lessons from the Hargreaves Review" by James Boyle (2015), also in: Okediji, Ruth L., ed. (2017-03-30). Copyright Law in an Age of Limitations and Exceptions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-56526-1.
  14. ^ a b c Martinez, Merisa; Terras, Melissa (2019-05-13). "'Not Adopted': The UK Orphan Works Licensing Scheme and How the Crisis of Copyright in the Cultural Heritage Sector Restricts Access to Digital Content". Open Library of Humanities. 5 (1): 36. doi:10.16995/olh.335. ISSN 2056-6700.
  15. ^ Zeinstra, Maarten (2016-02-16). "Research: Orphan Works Directive does not work for mass digitisation". International Communia Association. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  16. ^ "Apply for a licence to use an orphan work". www.gov.uk. IPO UK Government. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  17. ^ "Millions of unseen 'orphan' artworks to be put on show" by Adam Sherwi], The Independent, 29 October 2014
  18. ^ 1999. évi LXXVI törvény a szerzői jogról (Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright), §§ 41/A-41/K (Hung.).
  19. ^ Art. 31a, Indian Copyright Act.
  20. ^ Art. 67, Japanese Copyright Act.
  21. ^ Art. 16, Copyright Act of Saudi Arabia.
  22. ^ South Korean Copyright Act, Art. 47.
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