Page protected with pending changes

Aaron Swartz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

For other people with similar names, see Aaron Swartz (actor) and Aaron Schwartz (disambiguation).
Aaron Swartz
Swartz smiling
Swartz at a meetup in August 2009
Born
Aaron Hillel Swartz[1]

(1986-11-08)November 8, 1986
Highland Park, Illinois,[2] U.S.
DiedJanuary 11, 2013(2013-01-11) (aged 26)
Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by hanging
Alma materStanford University
OccupationSoftware developer, writer, internet activist
OrganizationCreative Commons (development), Reddit (co-founder), Watchdog.net, Open Library, DeadDrop, Progressive Change Campaign Committee, Demand Progress (co-founder), ThoughtWorks, Tor2web
TitleFellow, Harvard University Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics
AwardsArsDigita Prize (2000)
American Library Association's James Madison Award (posthumously)
EFF Pioneer Award 2013 (posthumously)
Internet Hall of Fame 2013 (posthumously)
Websiteaaronsw.com

Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8, 1986 – January 11, 2013) was an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet hacktivist. He was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS,[3] the Markdown publishing format,[4] the organization Creative Commons,[5] and the website framework web.py,[6] and was a co-founder of the social news site Reddit. He was given the title of co-founder of Reddit by Y Combinator owner Paul Graham after the formation of Not a Bug, Inc. (a merger of Swartz's project Infogami and Redbrick Solutions,[7] a company run by Alexis Ohanian and Steve Huffman).

Swartz's work also focused on civic awareness and activism.[8][9] He helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 to learn more about effective online activism. In 2010, he became a research fellow at Harvard University's Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption, directed by Lawrence Lessig.[10][11] He founded the online group Demand Progress, known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act.

In 2011, Swartz was arrested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) police on state breaking-and-entering charges, after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet, and setting it to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using a guest user account issued to him by MIT.[12][13] Federal prosecutors later charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,[14] carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of $1 million in fines, 35 years in prison, asset forfeiture, restitution, and supervised release.[15]

Swartz declined a plea bargain under which he would have served six months in federal prison. Two days after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz, he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment, where he had hanged himself.[16][17]

In 2013, Swartz was inducted posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame.[18]

Early life[edit]

Swartz in 2002 with Lawrence Lessig at the launch party for Creative Commons
Swartz describes the nature of the shift from centralized one-to-many systems to the decentralized many-to-many topology of network communication. San Francisco, April 2007 (9:29)

Swartz was born in Highland Park, Illinois[2][19] (a suburb of Chicago), the eldest son of Jewish parents Susan and Robert Swartz and brother of Noah and Benjamin.[1][20] His father had founded the software firm Mark Williams Company. Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and Internet culture.[21] He attended North Shore Country Day School, a small private school near Chicago, until 9th grade.[22] Swartz left high school in the 10th grade, and enrolled in courses at Lake Forest College.[23][24]

In 1999, when he was 13 years old he created the website Theinfo.org, a collaborative online library.[25] Theinfo.org made Swartz the winner of the ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.[1][26][27] At age 14, he became a member of the working group that authored the RSS 1.0 web syndication specification.

Swartz attended Stanford University, but dropped out after his first year.[28]

Entrepreneurship[edit]

During Swartz's first year at Stanford, he applied to Y Combinator's very first Summer Founders Program, proposing to work on a startup called Infogami, designed as a flexible content management system to allow the creation of rich and visually interesting websites[29] or a form of wiki for structured data. After working on Infogami with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005, Aaron opted not to return to Stanford, choosing instead to continue to develop and seek funding for Infogami.[29]

As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web.py web application framework because he was unhappy with other available systems in the Python programming language. In early fall of 2005, Swartz worked with his fellow co-founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm Reddit, to rewrite Reddit's Lisp codebase using Python and web.py. Although Infogami's platform was abandoned after Not a Bug was acquired, Infogami's software was used to support the Internet Archive's Open Library project and the web.py web framework was used as basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others.[6]

When Infogami failed to find further funding, Y-Combinator organizers suggested that Infogami merge with Reddit,[30][31] which it did in November 2005, resulting in the formation of a new firm, Not a Bug, devoted to promoting both products.[30][32] As a result of this merger, Swartz was given the title of co-founder of Reddit. Although both projects initially struggled to gain traction, Reddit began to make large gains in popularity in 2005 and 2006.

In October 2006, based largely on the success of Reddit, Not a Bug was acquired by Condé Nast Publications, the owner of Wired magazine.[21][33] Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to work on Wired.[21] Swartz found office life uncongenial, and he ultimately left the company.[34] In September 2007, Swartz joined with Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm, Jottit, in another attempt to create another markdown driven content management system in Python.[35]

Activism[edit]

In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog.net, "the good government site with teeth," to aggregate and visualize data about politicians.[36][37] In the same year, he wrote a widely circulated Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.[38][39][40][41] On December 27, 2010, Swartz filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to learn about the treatment of Chelsea Manning, alleged source for WikiLeaks.[42][43]

PACER[edit]

In 2008, Swartz downloaded about 2.7 million federal court documents stored in the PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) database managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.[44]

The Huffington Post characterized his actions this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service. The move drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents were, in fact, public."[45]

PACER was charging 8 cents per page for information that Carl Malamud, who founded the nonprofit group Public.Resource.Org, contended should be free, because federal documents are not covered by copyright.[46][47] The fees were "plowed back to the courts to finance technology, but the system [ran] a budget surplus of some $150 million, according to court reports," reported The New York Times.[46] PACER used technology that was "designed in the bygone days of screechy telephone modems ... putting the nation's legal system behind a wall of cash and kludge."[46] Malamud appealed to fellow activists, urging them to visit one of 17 libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system, download court documents, and send them to him for public distribution.[46]

After reading Malamud's call for action,[46] Swartz used a Perl computer script running on Amazon cloud servers to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library.[44] From September 4 to 20, 2008, it accessed documents and uploaded them to a cloud computing service.[47] He released the documents to Malamud's organization.[47]

On September 29, 2008,[46] the GPO suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program.[46][47] Swartz's actions were subsequently investigated by the FBI.[46][47] The case was closed after two months with no charges filed.[47] Swartz learned the details of the investigation as a result of filing a FOIA request with the FBI and described their response as the "usual mess of confusions that shows the FBI's lack of sense of humor."[47] PACER still charges per page, but customers using Firefox have the option of saving the documents for free public access with a plug-in called RECAP.[48]

At a 2013 memorial for Swartz, Malamud recalled their work with PACER. They brought millions of U.S. District Court records out from behind PACER's "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and the names of minor children and confidential informants.

We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts ... They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them ... The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. ... [To] the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts ... we were thieves that took $1.6 million of their property. So they called the FBI ... [The FBI] found nothing wrong ...[49]

Malamud penned a more detailed account of his collaboration with Swartz on the Pacer project in an essay that appears on his website.[50]

Writing in Ars Technica, Timothy Lee,[51] who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in reporting on just how much data Swartz had downloaded: "In a back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER. The New York Times similarly reported Swartz had downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.7 million documents while PACER, at the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than one percent of the database.[44]

Progressive Change Campaign Committee[edit]

In 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee.[52] He wrote on his blog, "I spend my days experimenting with new ways to get progressive policies enacted and progressive politicians elected."[53] Swartz led the first activism event of his career with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, delivering thousands of "Honor Kennedy" petition signatures to Massachusetts legislators asking them to fulfill former Senator Ted Kennedy's last wish by appointing a senator to vote for health care reform.[54]

Demand Progress[edit]

In 2010,[55] Swartz co-founded Demand Progress,[56] a political advocacy group that organizes people online to "take action by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and spreading the word" about civil liberties, government reform, and other issues.[57]

During academic year 2010–11, Swartz conducted research studies on political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University's Edmond J. Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption.[10][11]

Author Cory Doctorow, in his novel Homeland, "drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign."[58] In an afterword to the novel, Swartz wrote, "these political hacktivist tools can be used by anyone motivated and talented enough.... Now it's up to you to change the system. ... Let me know if I can help."[58]

Stopping the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)[edit]

Swartz in 2012 protesting against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

Swartz was involved in the campaign to prevent passage of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), which sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was criticized on the basis that it would have made it easier for the U.S. government to shut down web sites accused of violating copyright and would have placed intolerable burdens on Internet providers.[59] Following the defeat of the bill, Swartz was the keynote speaker at the F2C:Freedom to Connect 2012 event in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2012. His speech was titled "How We Stopped SOPA" and he informed the audience:

This bill ... shut down whole websites. Essentially, it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups....
I called all my friends, and we stayed up all night setting up a website for this new group, Demand Progress, with an online petition opposing this noxious bill.... We [got] ... 300,000 signers.... We met with the staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them.... And then it passed unanimously....
And then, suddenly, the process stopped. Senator Ron Wyden ... put a hold on the bill.[60][61]

He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom."[60][61] He was referring to a series of protests against the bill by numerous websites that was described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the biggest in Internet history, with over 115,000 sites altering their webpages.[62] Swartz also presented on this topic at an event organized by ThoughtWorks.[63]

Wikipedia[edit]

Swartz at 2009 Boston Wikipedia Meetup

Swartz participated in Wikipedia from August 2003.[64] In 2006, he ran unsuccessfully for the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees.[65]

In 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles are written, and concluded that the bulk of the actual content comes from tens of thousands of occasional contributors, or "outsiders,” each of whom made few other contributions to the site, while a core group of 500 to 1,000 regular editors tend to correct spelling and other formatting errors.[66] According to Swartz: "the formatters aid the contributors, not the other way around."[66][67] His conclusions, based on the analysis of edit histories of several randomly selected articles, contradicted the opinion of Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who believed the core group of regular editors were providing most of the content while thousands of others contributed to formatting issues. Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the total number of characters added by an editor to a particular article, while Wales counted the total number of edits.[66]

United States v. Aaron Swartz case[edit]

Main article: United States v. Aaron Swartz
See also: § Open Access, and JSTOR

According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used JSTOR, a digital repository,[68] to download a large number[ii] of academic journal articles through MIT's computer network over the course of a few weeks in late 2010 and early 2011. At the time, Swartz was a research fellow at Harvard University, which provided him with a JSTOR account.[14] Visitors to MIT's "open campus" were authorized to access JSTOR through its network.[69]

The authorities said Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop connected to a networking switch in a controlled-access wiring closet at MIT.[13][14][70][71][72] The door to the closet was kept unlocked, according to press reports.[69][73][74] When discovered, a video camera was placed in the room to film Swartz and his computer was left untouched. Once a video of Swartz was recorded, the download was stopped and he was identified. Rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him, in June 2011 they reached a settlement wherein he surrendered the downloaded data.[75][76]

Response from JSTOR[edit]

On September 25, 2010, the IP address 18.55.6.215, part of the MIT network, began sending hundreds of PDF download requests per minute and was affecting the performance of the entire JSTOR site.[77] This prompted a block of the IP address. In the morning, another IP address, also from within the MIT network, began sending JSTOR more PDF download requests, resulting in a temporary full block on the firewall level of all MIT servers in the entire 18.0.0.0/8 range. An email was then sent to MIT, describing the situation:

From an email sent on September 29, 2010, one JSTOR employee wrote to MIT:

note that this was an extreme case. We typically suspend just one individual IP at a time and do that relatively infrequently (perhaps 6 on a busy day, from 7000+ institutional subscribers). In this case, we saw a performance hit on the live site, which I have only seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here. The pattern used was to create a new session for each PDF download or every few, which was terribly efficient, but not terribly subtle. In the end, we saw over 200K sessions in one hour's time during the peak.

— NAME REDACTED, JSTOR[78]

On July 30, 2013, JSTOR released 300 partially redacted documents, which had been provided as incriminating evidence against Swartz. These documents were originally sent to the United States Attorney's Office in response to subpoenas in the case United States v. Aaron Swartz.[79]

(The following images are all excerpts from the 3,461-page PDF document.)

  • "Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 1), showing a descriptive timeline of events from September 25, 2010, until December 26, 2010.[80]

  • "Root Cause Analysis" Report (side 2), showing JSTOR response and incident resolution procedures.[81]

  • Email sent from JSTOR to Stephan, Heymann (USAMA), estimating 3.5 million PDF files had been downloaded.[82]

  • Email describing PDF download activity snapshots (see next images in gallery)[83]

  • Describes PDF download activity, from JSTOR's databases to MIT servers, between November 1 and December 27.[84]

  • PDF activity, from JSTOR to MIT, between January 1 to 15.[85]

Arrest and prosecution[edit]

On the night of January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT police and a United States Secret Service agent. He was arraigned in Cambridge District Court on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.[12][13][72][86][87]

On July 11, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer.[14][88]

On November 17, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with intent, grand larceny, and unauthorized access to a computer network.[89][90] On December 16, 2011, state prosecutors filed a notice that they were dropping the two original charges;[13] the charges listed in the November 17, 2011, indictment were dropped on March 8, 2012.[91] According to a spokesperson for the Middlesex County prosecutor, the state charges were dropped to permit a federal prosecution headed by Stephen P. Heymann and supported by evidence provided by Secret Service agent Michael S. Pickett[92] to proceed unimpeded.[91]

On September 12, 2012, federal prosecutors filed a superseding indictment adding nine more felony counts, which increased Swartz's maximum criminal exposure to 50 years of imprisonment and $1 million in fines.[14][93][94] During plea negotiations with Swartz's attorneys, the prosecutors offered to recommend a sentence of six months in a low-security prison, if Swartz would plead guilty to 13 federal crimes. Swartz and his lead attorney rejected that deal, opting instead for a trial in which prosecutors would have been forced to justify their pursuit of Swartz.[95][96]

The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics (such as former Nixon White House counsel John Dean) as an "overcharging" 13-count indictment and "overzealous" prosecution for alleged computer crimes, brought by then U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz.[97]

Swartz died of suicide on January 11, 2013.[98] After his death, federal prosecutors dropped the charges.[99][100] On December 4, 2013, due to a Freedom of Information Act suit by the investigations editor of Wired magazine, several documents related to the case were released by the Secret Service, including a video of Swartz entering the MIT network closet.[101]

Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings[edit]

External video
Aaron Swartz Memorial at The Great Hall of Cooper Union, (transcript)
Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive, (partial transcript)
DC Memorial: Darrel Issa, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alan Grayson

Death[edit]

On the evening of January 11, 2013, Swartz's girlfriend, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, found him dead in his Brooklyn apartment.[69][102][103][104] A spokeswoman for New York's Medical Examiner reported that he had hanged himself.[103][104][105][106] No suicide note was found.[107] Swartz's family and his partner created a memorial website on which they issued a statement, saying: "He used his prodigious skills as a programmer and technologist not to enrich himself but to make the Internet and the world a fairer, better place."[20]

Days before Swartz's funeral, Lawrence Lessig eulogized his friend and sometime-client in an essay, Prosecutor as Bully. He decried the disproportionality of Swartz's prosecution and said, "The question this government needs to answer is why it was so necessary that Aaron Swartz be labeled a 'felon'. For in the 18 months of negotiations, that was what he was not willing to accept."[108] Cory Doctorow wrote, "Aaron had an unbeatable combination of political insight, technical skill, and intelligence about people and issues. I think he could have revolutionized American (and worldwide) politics. His legacy may still yet do so."[109]

Funeral and memorial gatherings[edit]

Aaron Swartz Memorial sign at Internet Archive headquarters, San Francisco, January 24th, 2013
Aaron Swartz Memorial program at Internet Archive headquarters, San Francisco, January 24th, 2013

Swartz's funeral services were held on January 15, 2013, at Central Avenue Synagogue in Highland Park, Illinois. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, delivered a eulogy.[110][111][112][113] The same day, The Wall Street Journal published a story based in part on an interview with Stinebrickner-Kauffman.[114] She told the Journal that Swartz lacked the money to pay for a trial and "it was too hard for him to ... make that part of his life go public" by asking for help. He was also distressed, she said, because two of his friends had just been subpoenaed and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution.[114]

Several memorials followed soon afterward. On January 19, hundreds attended a memorial at the Cooper Union, speakers at which included Stinebrickner-Kauffman, open source advocate Doc Searls, Creative Commons' Glenn Otis Brown, journalist Quinn Norton, Roy Singham of ThoughtWorks, and David Segal of Demand Progress.[115][116][117] On January 24, there was a memorial at the Internet Archive with speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alex Stamos, Brewster Kahle, and Carl Malamud.[118] On February 4, a memorial was held in the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol Hill;[119][120][121][122] speakers at this memorial included Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Darrell Issa, Alan Grayson, and Jared Polis,[121][122] and other lawmakers in attendance included Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Jan Schakowsky.[121][122] A memorial also took place on March 12 at the MIT Media Lab.[123]

Swartz's family recommended GiveWell for donations in his memory, an organization that Swartz admired, had collaborated with and was the sole beneficiary of his will.[124][125]

Response[edit]

Family response[edit]

Aaron's death is not simply a personal tragedy. It is the product of a criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach. Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U.S. Attorney's office and at MIT contributed to his death.

—Statement by family and partner of Aaron Swartz[126]

On January 12, 2013, Swartz's family and partner issued a statement criticizing the prosecutors and MIT.[126] Speaking at his son's funeral on January 15, Robert Swartz said, "Aaron was killed by the government, and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."[127]

Tom Dolan, husband of U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz, whose office prosecuted Swartz's case, replied with criticism of the Swartz family: "Truly incredible that in their own son's obit they blame others for his death and make no mention of the 6-month offer."[128] This comment triggered some criticism; Esquire writer Charlie Pierce replied, "the glibness with which her husband and her defenders toss off a 'mere' six months in federal prison, low-security or not, is a further indication that something is seriously out of whack with the way our prosecutors think these days."[129]

MIT[edit]

MIT maintains an open-campus policy along with an "open network."[74][130] Two days after Swartz's death, MIT President L. Rafael Reif commissioned professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT's options and decisions relating to Swartz's "legal struggles."[131][132] To help guide the fact-finding stage of the review, MIT created a website where community members could suggest questions and issues for the review to address.[133][134]

Swartz's attorneys requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public, a move which MIT opposed.[135] Swartz allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to releasing the evidence without redactions.[136] On July 26, 2013, the Abelson panel submitted a 182-page report to MIT president, L. Rafael Reif, who authorized its public release on July 30.[137][138][139] The panel reported that MIT had not supported charges against Swartz and cleared the institution of wrongdoing. However, its report also noted that despite MIT's advocacy for open access culture at the institutional level and beyond, the university never extended that support to Swartz. The report revealed, for example, that while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about its position on the case, such a statement never materialized.[140]

Press[edit]

Aaron Swartz mural by Brooklyn graffiti artist BAMN

The Huffington Post reported that "Ortiz has faced significant backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz, including a petition to the White House to have her fired."[141] Other news outlets reported similarly.[142][143][144]

Reuters news agency called Swartz "an online icon" who "help[ed] to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to the public, including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court documents."[145] The Associated Press (AP) reported that Swartz's case "highlights society's uncertain, evolving view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and share data not to enrich themselves, but to make it available to others,"[59] and that JSTOR's lawyer, former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Mary Jo White, had asked the lead prosecutor to drop the charges.[59]

As discussed by editor Hrag Vartanian in Hyperallergic, Brooklyn, New York, muralist BAMN ("By Any Means Necessary") created a mural of Swartz.[146] "Swartz was an amazing human being who fought tirelessly for our right to a free and open Internet," the artist explained. "He was much more than just the 'Reddit guy'."

Speaking on April 17, 2013, Yuval Noah Harari described Swartz as "the first martyr of the Freedom of Information movement."[147]

Aaron Swartz's legacy has been reported as strengthening the open access to scholarship movement. In Illinois, his home state, Swartz's influence led state university faculties to adopt policies in favor of open access.[148]

Internet[edit]

Hacks[edit]

On January 13, 2013, members of Anonymous hacked two websites on the MIT domain, replacing them with tributes to Swartz that called on members of the Internet community to use his death as a rallying point for the open access movement. The banner included a list of demands for improvements in the U.S. copyright system, along with Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.[149] On the night of January 18, 2013, MIT's e-mail system was taken offline for ten hours.[150] On January 22, e-mail sent to MIT was redirected by hackers Aush0k and TibitXimer to the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology. All other traffic to MIT was redirected to a computer at Harvard University that was publishing a statement headed "R.I.P Aaron Swartz,"[151] with text from a 2009 posting by Swartz,[152] accompanied by a chiptune version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". MIT regained full control after about seven hours.[153] In the early hours of January 26, 2013, the U.S. Sentencing Commission website, USSC.gov, was hacked by Anonymous.[154][155] The home page was replaced with an embedded YouTube video, Anonymous Operation Last Resort. The video statement said Swartz "faced an impossible choice".[156][157] A hacker downloaded "hundreds of thousands" of scientific-journal articles from a Swiss publisher's website and republished them on the open Web in Swartz's honor a week before the first anniversary of his death.[158]

Petition to the White House[edit]

See also: Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann

After Swartz's death, more than 50,000 people signed an online petition[159] to the White House calling for the removal of Ortiz, "for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."[160] A similar petition[161] was submitted calling for prosecutor Stephen Heymann's firing.[162][163] In January 2015, two years after Swartz's death, the White House declined both petitions.[164]

Commemorations[edit]

External video
IHoF Induction Ceremony – Aaron Swartz on YouTube

On August 3, 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[18] There was a hackathon held in Swartz' memory around the date of his birthday in 2013.[165][166] Over the weekend of November 8–10, 2013, inspired by Swartz's work and life, a second annual hackathon was held in at least 16 cities around the world.[167][168][169] Preliminary topics worked on at the 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon[170] were privacy and software tools, transparency, activism, access, legal fixes, and a low-cost book scanner.[171] In January 2014, Lawrence Lessig led a walk across New Hampshire in honor of Swartz, rallying for campaign finance reform.[172][173]

In 2017, the Turkish-Dutch artist Ahmet Öğüt commemorated Swartz through a work entitled "Information Power to The People" and depicting his bust.[174]

A sculpture of Aaron Swartz entitled "Information Power to The People" created by Ahmet Öğüt

Legacy[edit]

Open Access[edit]

See also: § United States v. Aaron Swartz case

A long-time supporter of open access, Swartz wrote in his Guerilla Open Access Manifesto:[40]

The world's entire scientific ... heritage ... is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations....

The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it.

Supporters of Swartz responded to news of his death with an effort called #PDFTribute[175] to promote Open Access.[176][177] On January 12, Eva Vivalt, a development economist at the World Bank, began posting her academic articles online using the hashtag #pdftribute as a tribute to Swartz.[177][178][179] Scholars posted links to their works.[180] The story of Aaron Swartz has exposed the topic of open access to scientific publications to wider audiences.[181][182] In the wake of Aaron Swartz, many institutions and personalities have campaigned for open access to scientific knowledge.[183] Swartz's death prompted calls for more open access to scholarly data (e.g., open science data).[184][185] The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy (CITP) at Princeton University announced scholarships awarded in memory of Aaron Swartz.[186] In 2013, Swartz was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's James Madison Award for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles."[187][188] In March, the editor and editorial board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher, Routledge.[189] One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.[190][191] In 2002, Swartz had stated that when he died, he wanted all the contents of his hard drives made publicly available.[192][193] The "cOAlition S", a consortium launched by the European Research Council continues the fight of Aaron Swartz with the will to make available to all by 2020 all the scientific publications financed by the member states of this coalition.[194]

Congress[edit]

Several members of the U.S. House of Representatives – Republican Darrell Issa and Democrats Jared Polis and Zoe Lofgren – all on the House Judiciary Committee, have raised questions regarding the government's handling of the case. Calling the charges against him "ridiculous and trumped up," Polis said Swartz was a "martyr", whose death illustrated the need for Congress to limit the discretion of federal prosecutors.[195] Speaking at a memorial for Swartz on Capitol Hill, Issa said

Ultimately, knowledge belongs to all the people of the world.... Aaron understood that.... Our copyright laws were created for the purpose of promoting useful works, not hiding them.

Massachusetts Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren issued a statement saying "[Aaron's] advocacy for Internet freedom, social justice, and Wall Street reform demonstrated ... the power of his ideas ..."[196] In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder,[197] Texas Republican Senator John Cornyn asked, "On what basis did the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts conclude that her office's conduct was 'appropriate'?" and "Was the prosecution of Mr. Swartz in any way retaliation for his exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act?"[198][199][200]

Congressional investigations[edit]

Issa, who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, announced that he would investigate the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz.[195] In a statement to The Huffington Post, he praised Swartz's work toward "open government and free access to the people." Issa's investigation has garnered some bipartisan support.[196]

On January 28, 2013, Issa and ranking committee member Elijah Cummings published a letter to U.S. Attorney General Holder, questioning why federal prosecutors had filed the superseding indictment.[94][201] On February 20, WBUR reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at an upcoming Oversight Committee hearing about her office's handling of the Swartz case.[202] On February 22, Associate Deputy Attorney General Steven Reich conducted a briefing for congressional staffers involved in the investigation.[203][204] They were told that Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto played a role in prosecutorial decision-making.[39][203][204] Congressional staffers left this briefing believing that prosecutors thought Swartz had to be convicted of a felony carrying at least a short prison sentence in order to justify having filed the case against him in the first place.[203][204]

Excoriating the Department of Justice as the "Department of Vengeance", Stinebrickner-Kauffman told the Guardian that the DOJ had erred in relying on Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto as an accurate indication of his beliefs by 2010. "He was no longer a single issue activist," she said. "He was into lots of things, from healthcare, to climate change to money in politics."[39]

On March 6, Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was "a good use of prosecutorial discretion."[205] Stinebrickner-Kauffman issued a statement in reply, repeating and amplifying her claims of prosecutorial misconduct. Public documents, she wrote, reveal that prosecutor Stephen Heymann "instructed the Secret Service to seize and hold evidence without a warrant... lied to the judge about that fact in written briefs... [and] withheld exculpatory evidence... for over a year," violating his legal and ethical obligations to turn such evidence over to the defense.[206] On March 22, Senator Al Franken wrote Holder a letter expressing concerns, writing that "charging a young man like Mr. Swartz with federal offenses punishable by over 35 years of federal imprisonment seems remarkably aggressive – particularly when it appears that one of the principal aggrieved parties ... did not support a criminal prosecution."[207]

Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act[edit]

Main article: Aaron's Law

In 2013, Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) introduced a bill, Aaron's Law (H.R. 2454, S. 1196[208]) to exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.[209]

Lawrence Lessig wrote of the bill, "this is a critically important change.... The CFAA was the hook for the government's bullying.... This law would remove that hook. In a single line: no longer would it be a felony to breach a contract."[210] Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist in the nexus between computer law and criminal law, wrote that he had been arguing for precisely this sort of reform of the Act for years.[211] The ACLU, too, has called for reform of the CFAA to "remove the dangerously broad criminalization of online activity."[212] The EFF has mounted a campaign for these reforms.[213] Lessig's inaugural Chair lecture as Furman Professor of Law and Leadership was entitled Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age; he dedicated the lecture to Swartz.[214][215][216][217]

The Aaron's Law bill stalled in committee. Brian Knappenberger alleges this was due to Oracle Corporation's financial interest in maintaining the status quo.[218]

Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act[edit]

The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR) is a bill that would mandate earlier public release of taxpayer-funded research. FASTR has been described as "The Other Aaron's Law."[219]

Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Senator John Cornyn (R-Tex.) introduced the Senate version, in 2013 and again in 2015, while the bill was introduced to the House by Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.), Mike Doyle (D-Pa.) and Kevin Yoder (R-Kans.). Senator Wyden wrote of the bill, "the FASTR act provides that access to taxpayer funded research should never be hidden behind a paywall."[220]

While the legislation had not passed as of October 2015, it helped to prompt some motion toward more open access on the part of the US administration. Shortly after the bill's original introduction, the Office of Science and Technology Policy directed "each Federal agency with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government."[221]

Media[edit]

Swartz has been featured in various works of art and has posthumously received dedications from numerous artists. In 2013, Kenneth Goldsmith dedicated his "Printing out the Internet" exhibition to Swartz.[222][223] The fate of Aaron Swartz was also featured in conservative filmmaker Dinesh D'Souza's 2014 documentary America: Imagine the World Without Her, wherein D'Souza compares Swartz's prosecution to his own conviction for violating campaign finance laws, and alleges that both cases exemplify selective, overzealous prosecution.[224][225] There are also dedicated biographical films for Aaron:

The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz[edit]

Main article: The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz

On January 11, 2014, marking the first anniversary of his death, a preview was released of The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz,[226] a documentary about Swartz, the NSA and SOPA.[227][228] The film was officially released at the January 2014 Sundance Film Festival.[229] Democracy Now! covered the release of the documentary, as well as Swartz's life and legal case, in a sprawling interview with director Brian Knappenberger, Swartz's father, brother, and his attorney.[230] The documentary is released under a Creative Commons License;[231][232] it debuted in theaters and on-demand in June 2014.[233]

Mashable called the documentary "a powerful homage to Aaron Swartz". Its debut at Sundance received a standing ovation. Mashable printed, "With the help of experts, The Internet's Own Boy makes a clear argument: Swartz unjustly became a victim of the rights and freedoms for which he stood."[234] The Hollywood Reporter described it as a "heartbreaking" story of a "tech wunderkind persecuted by the US government", and a must-see "for anyone who knows enough to care about the way laws govern information transfer in the digital age".[235]

Killswitch[edit]

Main article: Killswitch (film)

In October 2014, Killswitch, a film featuring Aaron Swartz, as well as Lawrence Lessig, Tim Wu, and Edward Snowden, received its world premiere at the Woodstock Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Editing. The film focuses on Swartz's role in advocating for internet freedoms.[236][237]

In February 2015, Killswitch was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor's Center in Washington, D.C. by Congressman Alan Grayson. The event was held on the eve of the Federal Communications Commission's historic decision on Net Neutrality. Congressman Grayson, Lawrence Lessig, and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron spoke about Swartz and his fight on behalf of a free and open Internet at the event.[238][239]

Congressman Grayson states that Killswitch is "one of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet – and access to information itself."[238] Richard von Busack of the Metro Silicon Valley writes of Killswitch, "Some of the most lapidary use of found footage this side of The Atomic Café".[236] Fred Swegles of the Orange County Register remarks, "Anyone who values unfettered access to online information is apt to be captivated by Killswitch, a gripping and fast-paced documentary."[237] Kathy Gill of GeekWire asserts that "Killswitch is much more than a dry recitation of technical history. Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn, and writer Chris Dollar created a human-centered story. A large part of that connection comes from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz."[240]

Other films[edit]

Patriot of the Web is an independent biographical film about Aaron Swartz, written and directed by Darius Burke. The film was released on September 15, 2019 onto YouTube.[citation needed] Actor Shawn Mcclintock plays Aaron Swartz. [241][242] The film had a limited video on demand release in December 2017 on Reelhouse[243] and in January 2018 on Pivotshare.[244]

Another biographical film about Swartz, Think Aaron, is being developed by HBO Films.[245]

Works[edit]

Specifications[edit]

Software[edit]

Publication[edit]

  • Swartz, Aaron; Lucchese, Adriano (November 2014). "Raw Thought, Raw Nerve: Inside the Mind of Aaron Swartz" (open access PDF/ePub). New York City: Discovery Publisher.
  • Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James (October 2001). "The Semantic Web: A network of content for the digital city". Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop. Kyoto, JP: Blogspace.
  • Swartz, Aaron (January–February 2002). "MusicBrainz: A Semantic Web service" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 17 (1): 76–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.9338. doi:10.1109/5254.988466. ISSN 1541-1672.
  • Gruber, John; Swartz, Aaron (December 2004). "Markdown definition". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on April 2, 2004.
  • Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto".
  • Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James (2009). Building programmable Web sites. S.F.: Morgan & Claypool. ISBN 978-1-59829-920-5.
  • Swartz, Aaron (Interviewee). We can change the world (Video) – via YouTube.
  • Swartz, Aaron (Speaker) (May 21, 2012). Keynote address at Freedom To Connect 2012: How we stopped SOPA (Video). D.C. – via YouTube.
  • Swartz, Aaron (February 2013) [2009]. "Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An Unfinished Work". Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology (open access PDF). Morgan & Claypool Publishers. 3 (2): 1–64. doi:10.2200/S00481ED1V01Y201302WBE005. Lay summary. To Dan Connolly, who not only created the Web but found time to teach it to me.
  • Swartz, Aaron (January 2016). The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz. The New Press. OL 25886237M.

Notes[edit]

^ Swartz has been identified as a cofounder of Reddit, but the title is a source of controversy. With the merger of Infogami and Reddit, Swartz became a co-owner and director of parent company Not A Bug, Inc., along with Reddit cofounders Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian.[258] Swartz has been referred to as "cofounder" in the press and by investor Paul Graham (who recommended the merger); Ohanian describes him as "co-owner".[32][259]
^ The MIT network administration office told MIT police that "approximately 70 gigabytes of data had been downloaded, 98% of which was from JSTOR."[13] The first federal indictment alleged "approximately 4.8 million articles", "1.7 million" of which "were made available by independent publishers for purchase through JSTOR's Publisher Sales Service."[14] The subsequent DOJ press release alleged "over four million articles". The superseding indictment removed the estimates and instead characterized the amount as "a major portion of the total archive in which JSTOR had invested."[14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Yearwood, Pauline (February 22, 2013). "Brilliant life, tragic death". Chicago Jewish News. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Aaron Hillel Swartz was not depressed or suicidal ... a rabbi's wife who has known him since he was a child says.... At age 13 he won the ArsDigita Prize, a competition for young people who create noncommercial websites....
  2. ^ a b Skaggs, Paula (January 16, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Remembered as Internet Activist who Changed the World". Patch.
  3. ^ "RSS creator Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Harvard Magazine. January 14, 2013. Swartz helped create RSS—a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works (blog entries, news headlines, ...) in a standardized format—at the age of 14.
  4. ^ a b "Markdown". Aaron Swartz: The Weblog. March 19, 2004.
  5. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Remembering Aaron Swartz". Creative Commons. Aaron was one of the early architects of Creative Commons. As a teenager, he helped design the code layer to our licenses...
  6. ^ a b Grehan, Rick (August 10, 2011). "Pillars of Python: Web.py Web framework". InfoWorld. Web.py, the brainchild of Aaron Swartz, who developed it while working at Reddit.com, describes itself as a 'minimalist's framework.' ... Test Center Scorecard: Capability 7; Ease of Development 9; Documentation 7; ...; Overall Score 7.6, Good.
  7. ^ Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine (2018). We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, the Internet's Culture Laboratory. https://www.amazon.com/Are-Nerds-Tumultuous-Internets-Laboratory-ebook/dp/B079L5FTJD: Hachette Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0316435406.CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ^ Swartz, Aaron. "Sociology or Anthropology". Raw Thought. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  9. ^ Swartz, Aaron (May 13, 2008). "Simplistic Sociological Functionalism". Raw Thought. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  10. ^ a b Seidman, Bianca (July 22, 2011). "Internet activist charged with hacking into MIT network". Arlington, Va.: Public Broadcasting Service. [Swartz] was in the middle of a fellowship at Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, in its Lab on Institutional Corruption
  11. ^ a b "Lab Fellows 2010–2011: Aaron Swartz". Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. Harvard University. 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. During the fellowship year, he will conduct experimental and ethnographic studies of the political system to prepare a monograph on the mechanisms of political corruption.
  12. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (July 22, 2011). "MIT also pressing charges against hacking suspect". Politico. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2019. [Swartz's] alleged use of MIT facilities and Web connections to access the JSTOR database ... resulted in two state felony charges for breaking into a 'depository' and breaking & entering in the daytime, according to local prosecutors.
  13. ^ a b c d e Commonwealth v. Swartz, 11-52CR73 & 11-52CR75, MIT Police Incident Report 11-351 (Mass. Dist. Ct. nolle prosequi December 16, 2011) ("Captain Albert P[...] and Special Agent Pickett were able to apprehend the suspect at 24 Lee Street.... He was arrested for two counts of Breaking and Entering in the daytime with the intent to commit a felony....").
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 2 (D.Mass. July 14, 2011)". MIT. July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2013. Superseded by "Superseding Indictment, USA v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, No. 53 (D.Mass. September 12, 2012)". Docketalarm.com. September 12, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  15. ^ US Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts (July 19, 2011). "Alleged Hacker Charged With Stealing Over Four Million Documents from MIT Network" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  16. ^ "Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26". Time. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  17. ^ "Aaron Swartz, internet freedom activist, dies aged 26". BBC News. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees". Internet Hall of Fame. June 26, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  19. ^ "The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swartz". Rolling Stone.
  20. ^ a b Nelson, Valerie J. (January 12, 2013). "Aaron Swartz dies at 26; Internet folk hero founded Reddit". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ a b c Swartz, Aaron (September 27, 2007). "How to get a job like mine". (blog). Aaron Swartz. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. We negotiated for months.... I started going crazy from having to think so much about money.... The company almost fell apart before the deal went through.
  22. ^ "Reddit co-creator Aaron Swartz dies from suicide". Chicago Tribune. January 13, 2013.
  23. ^ Skaggs, Paula (January 15, 2013). "Internet activist Aaron Swartz's teachers remember 'brilliant' student". Patch. Northbrook, Ill. Swartz ... attended North Shore Country Day School through 9th grade.
  24. ^ Swartz, Aaron (January 14, 2002). "It's always cool to run..." Weblog. Aaron Swartz. I would have been in 10th grade this year.... Now I'm taking a couple classes at a local college.
  25. ^ "Introducing theinfo.org". Aaron Swartz. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  26. ^ "Second ArsDigita Prize 2000 Finalists and Winners". December 1, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2001. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  27. ^ Schofield, Jack (January 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz obituary". The Guardian. London. At 13 [he] won an ArsDigita prize for creating The Info Network.
  28. ^ Sekhri, Aaron (January 14, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, prodigy and drop-out, takes own life". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  29. ^ a b Ryan, Singel (September 13, 2005). "Stars Rise at Startup Summer Camp". Wired. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (2007). "Introducing Infogami". Infogami. CondeNet. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
  31. ^ "A passion for your users brings good karma: (Interview with) Alexis Ohanian, co-founder of reddit.com". StartupStories. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007.
  32. ^ a b Singel, Ryan (July 19, 2011). "Feds Charge Activist as Hacker for Downloading Millions of Academic Articles". Wired. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  33. ^ "Breaking News: Condé Nast/Wired Acquires Reddit". Techcrunch. October 31, 2006.
  34. ^ Lenssen, Philipp (2007). "A Chat with Aaron Swartz". Google Blogoscoped. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  35. ^ "Aaron Swartz's Jottit has been officially released". Reddit. 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  36. ^ Klein, Sam (July 24, 2011). "Aaron Swartz vs. United States". The Longest Now. Weblogs at Harvard Law School. He founded watchdog.net to aggregate ... data about politicians – including where their money comes from.
  37. ^ "The team". Watchdog.net. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Founder Aaron Swartz ... We're funded by a grant from the Sunlight Network and the Sunlight Foundation.
  38. ^ Norton, Quinn (March 3, 2013). "Life inside the Aaron Swartz investigation". The Atlantic. D.C. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  39. ^ a b c McVeigh, Karen, Aaron Swartz's partner accuses US of delaying investigation into prosecution, The Guardian, March 1, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  40. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto". Internet Archive. We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web. We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks.
  41. ^ Murphy, Samantha (July 22, 2011). "'Guerilla activist' releases 18,000 scientific papers". MIT Technology Review. In a 2008 'Guerilla Open Access Manifesto,' Swartz called for activists to 'fight back' against services that held academic papers hostage behind paywalls.
  42. ^ Leopold, Jason (January 18, 2013). "Aaron Swartz's FOIA Requests Shed Light on His Struggle". The Public Record. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  43. ^ "FOI Request: Records related to Bradley Manning". Muckrock. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  44. ^ a b c Lee, Timothy B.,The inside story of Aaron Swartz's campaign to liberate court filings, Ars Technica, February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  45. ^ Will Wrigley (February 7, 2013). "Darrell Issa Praises Aaron Swartz, Internet Freedom at Memorial". HuffPost. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h Schwartz, John (February 12, 2009). "An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Singeln, Ryan (October 5, 2009). "FBI Investigated Coder for Liberating Paywalled Court Records". Wired. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  48. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (November 11, 2009). "Recap: Cracking open US courtrooms". The Guardian. London.
  49. ^ Malamud, Carl (January 24, 2013). Aaron's Army (Speech). Memorial for Aaron Swartz at the Internet Archive. San Francisco.
  50. ^ Malamud, Carl (March 30, 2013). "On Crime and Access to Knowledge: An Unpublished Essay".
  51. ^ "Timothy Lee (Bio)". Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  52. ^ "Progressive Change Campaign Committee Statement on the Passing of Aaron Swartz". Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  53. ^ "How to Get a Job Like Mine (Aaron Swartz's Raw Thought)". aaronsw.com.
  54. ^ BoldProgressives (September 23, 2009). "Victory! HonorKennedy.com" – via YouTube.
  55. ^ Eckersley, Peter (January 12, 2013). "Farewell to Aaron Swartz, an Extraordinary Hacker and activist". Deeplinks Blog. Electronic Frontier Foundation.
  56. ^ Matthews, Laura (July 19, 2011). "Who is Aaron Swartz, the JSTOR MIT Hacker?". International Business Times. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  57. ^ "Our Mission" (blog). Demand Progress. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  58. ^ a b Sleight, Graham (February 1, 2013). "'Homeland,' by Cory Doctorow". The Washington Post. As Doctorow made clear in his eloquent obituary, he drew on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots anti-establishment political campaign. ... One of the book's two afterwords is by Swartz.
  59. ^ a b c Wagner, Daniel; Verena Dobnik (January 13, 2013). "Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime". Associated Press. JSTOR's attorney, Mary Jo White – formerly the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan – had called the lead Boston prosecutor in the case and asked him to drop it, said Peters.
  60. ^ a b Swartz, Aaron (May 21, 2012). "How we stopped SOPA" (video). Keynote address at the Freedom To Connect 2012 conference. New York: Democracy Now!. [T]he 'Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeiting Act' ... was introduced on September 20th, 2010.... And [then] it began being called PIPA, and eventually SOPA.
  61. ^ a b Aaron Swartz (interviewee) & Amy Goodman (May 21, 2012). Freedom to Connect: Aaron Swartz (1986–2013) on victory to save open Internet, fight online censors (Video). N.Y.C.: Democracy Now. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013.
  62. ^ "Bill Killed: SOPA death celebrated as Congress recalls anti-piracy acts", Russian Times, January 19, 2012
  63. ^ Swartz, Aaron (August 16, 2012). "How we stopped SOPA" (video). Speech at ThoughtWorks New York. Yahoo!.
  64. ^ "Remembering Aaron Swartz The Wikipedian". thewikipedian.net. January 15, 2013.
  65. ^ "Wikimedia Foundation elections/Board elections/2006/Results/en". Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Election. September 24, 2006. 6th – 423 (18%) – AaronSw (Aaron Swartz)
  66. ^ a b c Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Who Writes Wikipedia?". Raw Thought. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  67. ^ Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?". Business Insider. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  68. ^ "Terms and Conditions of Use". JSTOR. New York: ITHAKA. January 15, 2013. JSTOR's integrated digital platform is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to ... scholarly materials: journal issues ...; manuscripts and monographs; ...; spatial/geographic information systems data; plant specimens; ...
  69. ^ a b c Larissa MacFarquhar (March 11, 2013). "Requiem for a dream: The tragedy of Aaron Swartz". The New Yorker. [Swartz] wrote a script that instructed his computer to download articles continuously, something that was forbidden by JSTOR's terms of service.... He spoofed the computer's address.... This happened several times. MIT traced the requests to his laptop, which he had hidden in an unlocked closet.
  70. ^ Lindsay, Jay (July 19, 2011). "Feds: Harvard fellow hacked millions of papers". Boston. Associated Press. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  71. ^ "JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case". JSTOR. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  72. ^ a b Cohen, Noam (January 20, 2013). "How M.I.T. ensnared a hacker, bucking a freewheeling culture". The New York Times. p. A1. 'Suspect is seen on camera entering network closet' [in an unlocked building] ... Within a mile of MIT ... he was stopped by an MIT police captain and [U.S. Secret Service agent] Pickett.
  73. ^ Peters, Justin (February 7, 2013). "The Idealist: Aaron Swartz wanted to save the world. Why couldn't he save himself?". Slate. N.Y.C. 6. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013. The superseding indictment ... claimed that Swartz had 'contrived to break into a restricted-access wiring closet at MIT.' But the closet door had been unlocked—and remained unlocked even after the university and authorities were aware that someone had been in there trying to access the school's network.
  74. ^ a b Merritt, Jeralyn (January 14, 2013). "MIT to conduct internal probe on its role in Aaron Swartz case". TalkLeft (blog). Att'y Jeralyn Merritt. The wiring closet was not locked and was accessible to the public. If you look at the pictures supplied by the Government, you can see graffiti on one wall.
  75. ^ "JSTOR Statement: Misuse Incident and Criminal Case". JSTOR. July 19, 2011.
  76. ^ "Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer, Found Dead Amid Prosecutor 'Bullying' In Unconventional Case". HuffPost. January 12, 2013.
  77. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 136". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  78. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 134". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  79. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  80. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3142". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  81. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3143". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  82. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3127". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  83. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3128". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  84. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3129". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  85. ^ JSTOR (July 30, 2013). "JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz. Page 3136". Archived from the original (PDF-1.6) on March 1, 2017 – via Archive.org.
  86. ^ Hak, Susana; Paz, Gabriella (January 26, 2011). "Compilation of December 15, 2010 – January 20, 2011" (PDF). Hak–De Paz Police Log Compilations. MIT Crime Club. p. 6. January 6, 2:20 pm, Aaron Swartz, was arrested at 24 Lee Street as a suspect for breaking and entering....
  87. ^ Singel, Ryan (February 27, 2011). "Rogue academic downloader busted by MIT webcam stakeout, arrest report says". Wired. N.Y.C. Swartz is accused ... of stealing the articles by attaching a laptop directly to a network switch in ... a 'restricted' room, though neither the police report nor the indictment [mentions] a door lock or signage indicating the room is off-limits.
  88. ^ Bilton, Nick (July 19, 2011). "Internet Activist Charged in Data Theft". Boston: Bits Blog, The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  89. ^ Hawkinson, John (November 18, 2011). "Swartz indicted for breaking and entering". The Tech. MIT. p. 11. Swartz ... was indicted ... in Middlesex Superior Court ... for breaking and entering, larceny over $250, and unauthorized access to a computer network.
  90. ^ "Cambridge man indicted on breaking & entering charges, larceny charges in connection with data theft" (Press release). Middlesex District Attorney. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2015. Swartz ... was indicted today on charges of Breaking and Entering with Intent to Commit a Felony, Larceny over $250, and Unauthorized Access to a Computer Network by a Middlesex Superior Grand Jury.
  91. ^ a b Hawkinson, John State drops charges against Swartz; federal charges remain The Tech, March 16, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  92. ^ Bombardieri, Marcella (March 30, 2014). "The inside story of MIT and Aaron Swartz". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  93. ^ "US Government Ups Felony Count in JSTOR/Aaron Swartz Case From Four To Thirteen". Tech dirt. September 17, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  94. ^ a b Zetter, Kim (January 29, 2013). "Congress Demands Justice Department Explain Aaron Swartz Prosecution | Threat Level". Wired. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  95. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura. "Prosecutor defends case against Aaron Swartz". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  96. ^ Cullen, Kevin; Ellement, John. "MIT hacking case lawyer says Aaron Swartz was offered plea deal of six months behind bars". Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  97. ^ Dean, John. "Dealing With Aaron Swartz in the Nixonian Tradition: Overzealous Overcharging Leads to a Tragic Result". Verdict from Justia. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  98. ^ Boeri, David (February 20, 2013). "Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern". WBUR. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  99. ^ Landergan, Katherine (January 14, 2013). "US District Court drops charges against Aaron Swartz – MIT – Your Campus". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  100. ^ United States v. Swartz, 1:11-cr-10260, 106 (D. Mass. filed January 14, 2013).
  101. ^ Poulsen, Kevin (December 4, 2013). "This Is the MIT Surveillance Video That Undid Aaron Swartz". Wired. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  102. ^ "Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman is Aaron Swartz's Girlfriend who found him". ShowBizDaily.net. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  103. ^ a b Kemp, Joe; Trapasso, Clare; Mcshane, Larry (January 12, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, co-founder of Reddit and online activist, hangs himself in Brooklyn apartment, authorities say". Daily News. New York. Swartz ... left no note before his Friday morning death in the seventh-floor apartment at a luxury Sullivan Place building, police sources said.
  104. ^ a b "Co-founder of Reddit Aaron Swartz found dead". News. CBS. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  105. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Prosecutor as bully". Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  106. ^ Schwartz, John (January 12, 2013). "Internet Activist, a Creator of RSS, Is Dead at 26, Apparently a Suicide". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  107. ^ Gustin, Sam (January 14, 2013). "MIT orders review of Aaron Swartz suicide as soul searching begins". Time. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  108. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 12, 2013). "Prosecutor as bully". Lessig Blog, v2. Aaron consulted me as a friend and lawyer.... [M]y obligations to Harvard created a conflict that made it impossible for me to continue as a lawyer.... I get wrong. But I also get proportionality.
  109. ^ Doctorow, Cory (January 12, 2013), "RIP, Aaron Swartz", Boing Boing
  110. ^ Thomas, Owen (January 12, 2013). "Family of Aaron Swartz Blames MIT, Prosecutors For His Death". Business Insider. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  111. ^ Gallardo, Michelle (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz, Reddit co-founder, remembered at funeral". ABC News. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  112. ^ "Aaron Swartz Memorial Ice Cream Social Hour – Free Software Foundation – working together for free software". Fsf.org. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  113. ^ "Aaron Swartz Tribute: Hundreds Honor Information Activist". HuffPost. January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  114. ^ a b Ante, Spencer; Anjali Athavaley; Joe Palazzolo (January 14, 2013). "Legal case strained troubled activist". The Wall Street Journal. p. B1. With the government's position hardening, Mr. Swartz realized that he would have to face a costly public trial.... He would need to ask for help financing his defense....
  115. ^ Hsieh, Steven, Why Did the Justice System Target Aaron Swartz?, Rolling Stone, January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  116. ^ Peltz, Jennifer (January 19, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Tribute: Hundreds Honor Information Activist". Associated Press. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  117. ^ Fishman, Rob (January 19, 2013). "Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz's Memorial". BuzzFeed. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  118. ^ "Memorial for Aaron Swartz | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  119. ^ "Aaron Swartz DC Memorial". Aaronswartzdcmemorial.eventbrite.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  120. ^ Henry. "Aaron Swartz Memorial in Washington DC". Crookedtimber.org. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  121. ^ a b c Gross, Grant, Lawmakers pledge to change hacking law during Swartz memorial, InfoWorld, February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  122. ^ a b c Carter, Zach (February 5, 2013). "Aaron Swartz Memorial on Capitol Hill Draws Darrell Issa, Elizabeth Warren". HuffPost. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  123. ^ Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman (March 13, 2013). "TarenSK: MIT Memorial Service". Retrieved March 15, 2013. including links to video of the ceremony/speeches.
  124. ^ Rob Fishman (January 19, 2013). "Grief And Anger at Aaron Swartz's Memorial". Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  125. ^ Holden Karnofsky (January 16, 2013). "In memory of Aaron Swartz". Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  126. ^ a b "Remember Aaron Swartz". Tumblr. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  127. ^ Guy, Sandra (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Swartz's father ... said that at a school event, 3-year-old Aaron read to his parents while all of the other parents read to their children.
  128. ^ Murphey, Shelly, US attorney's husband stirs Twitter storm on Swartz case, Boston Globe, January 16, 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  129. ^ Pierce, Charles P. (January 17, 2013). "Still More About The Death Of Aaron Swartz", Esquire. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  130. ^ "Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime". USA Today. January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  131. ^ Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz case 'snowballed out of MIT's hands,' source says". HuffPost. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  132. ^ "President Reif writes to MIT community regarding Aaron Swartz" (Press release). MIT. January 13, 2013. I have asked ... Abelson to lead a thorough analysis of MIT's involvement from the time that we first perceived unusual activity on our network in fall 2010....
  133. ^ "homepage". Swartz Review. MIT. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. IS&T has created this web site so [community members] can suggest questions and issues to guide the review... What questions should MIT be asking at this stage of the Aaron Swartz review?
  134. ^ Nanos, Janelle (January 24, 2013). "MIT prof announces plans for Swartz review: A website is launched allowing for discussion of how his case was handled". Boston Magazine.
  135. ^ "MIT and Aaron Swartz's lawyers argue over releasing evidence". Techdirt. March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  136. ^ Rebecca Greenfield (March 19, 2013). "MIT's peace offering of Aaron Swartz documents still won't be enough". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  137. ^ "Report Details MIT's Involvement in the Aaron Swartz Case". alum.mit.edu. August 2013. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  138. ^ Schwartz, John (July 30, 2013). "M.I.T. Releases Report on Its Role in the Case of Aaron Swartz". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  139. ^ "MIT releases report on its actions in the Aaron Swartz case". MIT news. MIT News Office. July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  140. ^ "Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  141. ^ Grandoni, Dino (January 15, 2013), "Tom Dolan, Husband of Aaron Swartz's Prosecutor", HuffPost, retrieved January 16, 2013
  142. ^ McCullagh, Declan, "Prosecutor in Aaron Swartz 'hacking' case comes under fire", CNET, January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  143. ^ Stout, Matt. "Ortiz: We never intended full penalty for Swartz", Boston Herald, January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  144. ^ Barnes, James. "Hacker's suicide linked to 'overzealous' prosecutors", The Global Legal Post, January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  145. ^ Dobuzinskis, Alex; P.J. Huffstutter (January 13, 2013). "Internet activist, programmer Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Reuters. That belief – that information should be shared and available for the good of society – prompted Swartz to found the nonprofit group Demand Progress.
  146. ^ Vartanian, Hrag (February 7, 2013). "A roller tribute to two digital anarchist heroes". Brooklyn, NY: Hyperallergic. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  147. ^ Yuval Noah Harari (April 18, 2013). "Data Processing – Part 1" (Video). Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  148. ^ Keilman, John (January 18, 2016). "Legacy of open access activist still growing". Chicago Tribune. Section 1, Page 3.CS1 maint: location (link)
  149. ^ "Anonymous hacks MIT Web sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute, call to arms". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  150. ^ Kao, Joanna (January 19, 2013). "MIT email was down for 10 hours last night, Mystery Hunt temporarily affected". Tech Blogs. MIT. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. A mail loop caused by a series of malformed email messages led to an exhaustion of system resources....
  151. ^ Aush0k; TibitXimer (January 22, 2013). "R.I.P Aaron Swartz". [harvard.edu]. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. hacked by aush0k and tibitximer
  152. ^ Swartz, Aaron (August 2, 2009). "Life in a world of pervasive immorality: The ethics of being alive". Raw Thought: Aaron Swartz's Weblog. Is there sense in following [the] rules or are they just another example of the world's pervasive immorality?
  153. ^ Kao, Joanna (January 23, 2013). "MIT DNS hacked; traffic redirected". The Tech. MIT. p. 1. From 11:58 a.m. to 1:05 pm, MIT's DNS was redirected ... to CloudFlare, where the hackers had configured servers to return a Harvard IP address.... By 7:15 pm, CloudFlare removed the 'mail.mit.edu' record, which referred to the machine ... at KAIST.
  154. ^ Reported by Sabari Selvan. "United States Sentencing Commission(ussc.gov) hacked and defaced by Anonymous | Security updates". Ehackingnews.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  155. ^ "Hackers take over sentencing commission website". Associated Press. January 26, 2013. 'Two weeks ago today, a line was crossed,' the statement said.
  156. ^ Aarons ArkAngel (January 26, 2013). "Anonymous Operation Last Resort: Anonymous hacked USSC.GOV" (Flash video) – via YouTube.
  157. ^ "Anonymous hackers target US agency site". BBC News. January 26, 2013. The hackers ... said the site was chosen for symbolic reasons. 'The federal sentencing guidelines ... enable prosecutors to cheat citizens of their constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial ...,' the video statement said.
  158. ^ Stanza, Arrow (January 6, 2014). "Springer Link hacked in honor of Aaron Swartz" (Press release). Slashdot. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. The material is published in honor of Aaron Swartz in springer-lta.co.nf. [Author's pseudonym is an anagram of "aaron swartz".]
  159. ^ "Petition: "Remove United States District Attorney Carmen Ortiz from office for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."". Wh.gov. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  160. ^ Smith, Gerry (January 13, 2013). "Were The Charges Against Internet Activist Aaron Swartz Too Severe?". HuffPost.
  161. ^ "Fire Assistant U.S. Attorney Steve Heymann". White House. January 12, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  162. ^ Glenn Greenwald (January 16, 2013). "Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann: accountability for prosecutorial abuse | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  163. ^ "Convicted hacker Stephen Watt on Aaron Swartz: 'It's just not justice'". VentureBeat. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  164. ^ Fung, Brian; Peterson, Andrea (January 8, 2015). "After long delay, Obama declines to rule on petition calling for firing of DOJ officials over Aaron Swartz's suicide". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  165. ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (November 9, 2013). "Call to action kicks off second Aaron Swartz hackathon". CNET News. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  166. ^ Guthrie Weissman, Cale (November 8, 2013). "Tonight begins the second annual Aaron Swartz hackathon". Pando Daily. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  167. ^ "Aaron Swartz Hackathon". Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  168. ^ Higgins, Parker (November 6, 2001). "Aaron Swartz Hackathons This Weekend to Continue his Work". Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  169. ^ Rocheleau, Matt (October 21, 2013). "In Aaron Swartz' memory, hackathons to be held across globe, including at MIT, next month". Boston. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  170. ^ "Worldwide Aaron Swartz Memorial Hackathon Series". Noisebridge. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  171. ^ "Aaron projects". Noisebridge. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  172. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (January 10, 2014). "Aaron's Walk: The New Hampshire Rebellion". HuffPost. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  173. ^ Boyko, Brian (January 11, 2014). "It Begins. Thank you". Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  174. ^ "Information Power to The People". Ahmet Öğüt's website. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  175. ^ "PDF Tribute". Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  176. ^ Cutler, Kim-Mai (January 13, 2013). "PDF tribute to Aaron Swartz attracts roughly 1,500 links to copyright-protected research". TechCrunch.
  177. ^ a b Musil, Steven (January 13, 2013). "Researchers honor Swartz's memory with PDF protest". CNet News.
  178. ^ Vivalt, Eva (January 12, 2013). "In memoriam". Aid Economics. Eva Vivalt. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
  179. ^ "Who we are". aidgrade.org. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
  180. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (January 14, 2013). "Aaron Swartz death: #pdftribute hashtag aggregates copyrighted articles released online in tribute to internet activist". Slate. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  181. ^ "Economie de la publication scientifique et libre accès: un débat relancé par la mort d'Aaron Swartz". Slate (in French). January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  182. ^ Aaron, Swartz; Lessig, Lawrence; Bortolotti, Marie-Mathilde; Szidon, Amarante (March 22, 2017). Celui qui pourrait changer le monde : Aaron Swartz, écrits 1986–2013. Éditions B42 – DL 2017. ISBN 9782917855775. OCLC 993094009.
  183. ^ "La controverse en matière de publication des articles scientifiques". Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  184. ^ Manjoo, Farhad How MIT Can Honor Aaron Swartz Slate, January 31, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  185. ^ Chan, Jennifer, To honor Aaron Swartz, let knowledge go free, U.S. News & World Report, 1 February 2013.. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  186. ^ Project, Free Law. "RECAP Project – Turning PACER Around". recapthelaw.org.
  187. ^ Kopfstein, Janus (March 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous 'Freedom of Information' award for open access advocacy". The Verge. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  188. ^ "James Madison Award". Ala.org. January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  189. ^ "Entire library journal editorial board resigns, citing 'crisis of conscience' after death of Aaron Swartz". The Verge.
  190. ^ New, Jake (March 26, 2013). "Journal's Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher's Policy Toward Authors". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  191. ^ "It was just days after Aaron Swartz' death, and I was having a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access". Feral Librarian. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  192. ^ Swartz, Aaron. "If I get hit by a truck..." Archived from the original on January 17, 2003. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  193. ^ "Aaron Swartz". The Economist. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  194. ^ "Science Europe – 'Plan S' Making Open Access a Reality by 2020". scienceeurope.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  195. ^ a b Sasso, Brendan; Jennifer Martinez (January 15, 2013). "Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as 'ridiculous, absurd'". Hillicon Valley. The Hill.
  196. ^ a b Reilly, Ryan J. (January 15, 2013). "Darrell Issa Probing Prosecution of Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer Who Killed Himself". HuffPost. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  197. ^ "United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas". United States Senator John Cornyn, Texas.
  198. ^ Pearce, Matt (January 18, 2013). "Aaron Swartz suicide has U.S. lawmakers scrutinizing prosecutors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  199. ^ Carter, Zach (January 18, 2013). "John Cornyn Criticizes Eric Holder Over Aaron Swartz's Death". HuffPost. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  200. ^ "Top senator scolds Holder over Reddit founder's suicide". The Washington Times. January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  201. ^ "Issa letter to Holder on Aaron Swartz case" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  202. ^ Boeri, David and David Frank, Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern, WBUR, February 20, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  203. ^ a b c Reilly, Ryan J., Aaron Swartz Prosecutors Weighed 'Guerilla' Manifesto, Justice Official Tells Congressional Committee, HuffPost, February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  204. ^ a b c Masnick, Mike, DOJ Admits It Had To Put Aaron Swartz In Jail To Save Face Over The Arrest, techdirt, February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  205. ^ Masnick, Mike (March 7, 2013). "Holder: DOJ used discretion in bullying Swartz, press lacked discretion in quoting facts". Techdirt.
  206. ^ Masnick, Mike (March 8, 2013). "Aaron Swartz's partner accuses DOJ of lying, seizing evidence without a warrant & withholding exculpatory evidence". Techdirt. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  207. ^ Carter, Zach (March 22, 2013). "Al Franken Sends Eric Holder Letter Over 'Remarkably Aggressive' Aaron Swartz Prosecution". HuffPost. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  208. ^ H.R. 2454 at Congress.gov; H.R. 2454 at GovTrack; H.R. 2454 Archived November 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress. S. 1196 at Congress.gov; S. 1196 at GovTrack; S. 1196 Archived November 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at OpenCongress.
  209. ^ Musil, Steven (November 30, 2011). "New 'Aaron's Law' aims to alter controversial computer fraud law". Internet & Media News. CNET. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  210. ^ Greenberg, Andrew 'Andy' (January 16, 2013). "'Aaron's Law' Suggests Reforms To Computer Fraud Act (But Not Enough To Have Protected Aaron Swartz)". Forbes. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  211. ^ Kerr, Oren, Aaron's Law, Drafting the Best Limits of the CFAA, And A Reader Poll on A Few Examples Volokh Conspiracy, January 27, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  212. ^ "Help Protect The Next Aaron Swartz". Aclu.org. January 11, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  213. ^ "Reform Draconian Computer Crime Law". Action.eff.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  214. ^ "Video of Lawrence Lessig's lecture, Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age". February 20, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013 – via YouTube.
  215. ^ Lawrence Lessig. "the next words: A Lecture on Aaron's Law". Lessig. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  216. ^ "Transcript: Lawrence Lessig on 'Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age'". Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  217. ^ "Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review – A summary of Lawrence Lessig's Chair Lecture at Harvard Law School". Harvardcrcl.org. January 14, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  218. ^ Dekel, Jonathan (May 1, 2014). "Swartz doc director: Oracle and Larry Ellison killed Aaron's Law". Postmedia.
  219. ^ Peterson, Andrea (February 16, 2013). "How FASTR Will Help Americans". Thinkprogress.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  220. ^ "Wyden Bill Makes Taxpayer Funded Research Available to the Public | U.S. Senator Ron Wyden". Wyden.senate.gov. February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  221. ^ "White House Issues Public Access Directive". Publishers Weekly. February 22, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  222. ^ Zak, Dan (July 26, 2013). "'Printing Out the Internet' exhibit is crowdsourced work of art". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  223. ^ "Crowdsourced art project aims to print out entire internet". CBC News. July 30, 2013.
  224. ^ Mahler, Jonathan (July 24, 2014). "Heady Summer, Fateful Fall for Dinesh D'Souza, a Conservative Firebrand". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  225. ^ McGovern, Joe (August 11, 2014). "America: Imagine the World Without Her". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  226. ^ "Aaron Swartz documentary". TakePart. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  227. ^ Zelman, Joanna. "WATCH: Aaron Swartz Found NSA Scope 'Scary'". HuffPost.
  228. ^ "Sneak preview of The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz" – PandoDaily
  229. ^ "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story Of Aaron Swartz – Festival Program". Sundance Institute. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014.
  230. ^ "The Internet's Own Boy: Film on Aaron Swartz Captures Late Activist's Struggle for Online Freedom". Democracy Now!. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  231. ^ Knappenberger, Brian. "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz". Internet Archive. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  232. ^ "'The Internet's Own Boy' fights for reform after Aaron Swartz's death".
  233. ^ Matheson, Whitney (June 28, 2014). "Internet's Own Boy: Tech activist's legacy". USA Today. p. B8.
  234. ^ "'The Internet's Own Boy' Is a Powerful Homage to Aaron Swartz". Mashable. January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  235. ^ DeFore, John (January 21, 2014). "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz: Sundance Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  236. ^ a b von Busack, Richard. "Breaking the Internet: Killswitch Screens at Cinequest". Metro Silicon Valley. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  237. ^ a b Swegles, Fred. "Battle for Internet Control Fuels O.C. -produced Movie". Orange County Register. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  238. ^ a b Grayson, Alan. "Grayson Screen Award Winning "Killswitch" Documentary". Congressman Grayson's House of Rep Official Web Page. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  239. ^ "The Price That You Pay for Rocking The Boat". HuffPost. March 27, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  240. ^ Gill, Kathy. "Lawrence Lessig at 'Killswitch' Seattle Premiere: Money, Politics, and the Battle for the Internet". GeekWire. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  241. ^ "Patriot of the Web". IMDb. October 13, 2018.
  242. ^ "Patriot of the Web (@aswartzmovie)". Twitter.[non-primary source needed]
  243. ^ "Patriot of the Web". reelhouse.org.
  244. ^ "Patriot of the Web – Darius Burke – Watch Online for Just $4.99 – grandadproductions". grandadproductions.
  245. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 4, 2017). "'Think Aaron' Movie Based on Life Of "Hacktivist' Aaron Swartz in Works at HBO Films". Deadline Hollywood.
  246. ^ Gruber, John. "Daring Fireball: Markdown". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  247. ^ "atx, the true structured text format".
  248. ^ Gruber, John. "Daring Fireball – Markdown – Syntax". Daring Fireball.
  249. ^ "RDFCore Working Group Membership". W3. December 1, 2002. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  250. ^ Swartz, A. (September 2004). "Request for Comments No. 3870, 'application/rdf+xml' Media Type Registration". Network Working Group. The Internet Society. A media type for use with the Extensible Markup Language serialization of the Resource Description Framework.... [It] allows RDF consumers to identify RDF/XML documents....
  251. ^ Poulsen, Kevin. "Strongbox and Aaron Swartz". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  252. ^ Davidson, Amy (May 15, 2013). "Introducing Strongbox". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  253. ^ Kassner, Michael (May 20, 2013). "Aaron Swartz legacy lives on with New Yorker's Strongbox: How it works". TechRepublic. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  254. ^ Charlton, Alistair (October 16, 2013). "Aaron Swartz-Designed Whistleblower Tool SecureDrop Launched by Press Freedom Foundation". International Business Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013.
  255. ^ Aaron, Swartz. "In Defense of Anonymity". Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  256. ^ Zetter, Kim (December 12, 2008). "New Service Makes Tor Anonymized Content Available to All". Wired. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  257. ^ "tor2web brings anonymous Tor sites to the "regular" web". arstechnica.com. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  258. ^ "Not A Bug, Inc.: Private company information". Bloomberg Business. October 31, 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2015. The company owns and operates portals that allow users to post contents and create Websites.... As of October 31, 2006, [it] is a subsidiary of CondéNet, Inc.... Key Executives for Not A Bug, Inc.: ... Huffman, President and Director; ... Swartz, Treasurer and Director; ... Ohanian, Secretary and Director.
  259. ^ "There was a third 'co-founder' of reddit", Today I Learned, Reddit, October 18, 2010, Aaron isn't a founder of reddit.

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External video
Presentation by Justin Peters on The Idealist, June 11, 2016, C-SPAN

Documentary[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Swartz&oldid=963576193"